"""Session implementation for CherryPy.
You need to edit your config file to use sessions. Here's an example::
[/]
tools.sessions.on = True
tools.sessions.storage_type = "file"
tools.sessions.storage_path = "/home/site/sessions"
tools.sessions.timeout = 60
This sets the session to be stored in files in the directory /home/site/sessions,
and the session timeout to 60 minutes. If you omit ``storage_type`` the sessions
will be saved in RAM. ``tools.sessions.on`` is the only required line for
working sessions, the rest are optional.
By default, the session ID is passed in a cookie, so the client's browser must
have cookies enabled for your site.
To set data for the current session, use
``cherrypy.session['fieldname'] = 'fieldvalue'``;
to get data use ``cherrypy.session.get('fieldname')``.
================
Locking sessions
================
By default, the ``'locking'`` mode of sessions is ``'implicit'``, which means
the session is locked early and unlocked late. If you want to control when the
session data is locked and unlocked, set ``tools.sessions.locking = 'explicit'``.
Then call ``cherrypy.session.acquire_lock()`` and ``cherrypy.session.release_lock()``.
Regardless of which mode you use, the session is guaranteed to be unlocked when
the request is complete.
=================
Expiring Sessions
=================
You can force a session to expire with :func:`cherrypy.lib.sessions.expire`.
Simply call that function at the point you want the session to expire, and it
will cause the session cookie to expire client-side.
===========================
Session Fixation Protection
===========================
If CherryPy receives, via a request cookie, a session id that it does not
recognize, it will reject that id and create a new one to return in the
response cookie. This `helps prevent session fixation attacks
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_fixation#Regenerate_SID_on_each_request>`_.
However, CherryPy "recognizes" a session id by looking up the saved session
data for that id. Therefore, if you never save any session data,
**you will get a new session id for every request**.
================
Sharing Sessions
================
If you run multiple instances of CherryPy (for example via mod_python behind
Apache prefork), you most likely cannot use the RAM session backend, since each
instance of CherryPy will have its own memory space. Use a different backend
instead, and verify that all instances are pointing at the same file or db
location. Alternately, you might try a load balancer which makes sessions
"sticky". Google is your friend, there.
================
Expiration Dates
================
The response cookie will possess an expiration date to inform the client at
which point to stop sending the cookie back in requests. If the server time
and client time differ, expect sessions to be unreliable. **Make sure the
system time of your server is accurate**.
CherryPy defaults to a 60-minute session timeout, which also applies to the
cookie which is sent to the client. Unfortunately, some versions of Safari
("4 public beta" on Windows XP at least) appear to have a bug in their parsing
of the GMT expiration date--they appear to interpret the date as one hour in
the past. Sixty minutes minus one hour is pretty close to zero, so you may
experience this bug as a new session id for every request, unless the requests
are less than one second apart. To fix, try increasing the session.timeout.
On the other extreme, some users report Firefox sending cookies after their
expiration date, although this was on a system with an inaccurate system time.
Maybe FF doesn't trust system time.
"""
import datetime
import os
import random
import time
import threading
import types
from warnings import warn
import cherrypy
from cherrypy._cpcompat import copyitems, pickle, random20, unicodestr
from cherrypy.lib import httputil
missing = object()
class Session(object):
"""A CherryPy dict-like Session object (one per request)."""
_id = None
id_observers = None
"A list of callbacks to which to pass new id's."
def _get_id(self):
return self._id
def _set_id(self, value):
self._id = value
for o in self.id_observers:
o(value)
id = property(_get_id, _set_id, doc="The current session ID.")
timeout = 60
"Number of minutes after which to delete session data."
locked = False
"""
If True, this session instance has exclusive read/write access
to session data."""
loaded = False
"""
If True, data has been retrieved from storage. This should happen
automatically on the first attempt to access session data."""
clean_thread = None
"Class-level Monitor which calls self.clean_up."
clean_freq = 5
"The poll rate for expired session cleanup in minutes."
originalid = None
"The session id passed by the client. May be missing or unsafe."
missing = False
"True if the session requested by the client did not exist."
regenerated = False
"""
True if the application called session.regenerate(). This is not set by
internal calls to regenerate the session id."""
debug=False
def __init__(self, id=None, **kwargs):
self.id_observers = []
self._data = {}
for k, v in kwargs.items():
setattr(self, k, v)
self.originalid = id
self.missing = False
if id is None:
if self.debug:
cherrypy.log('No id given; making a new one', 'TOOLS.SESSIONS')
self._regenerate()
else:
self.id = id
if not self._exists():
if self.debug:
cherrypy.log('Expired or malicious session %r; '
'making a new one' % id, 'TOOLS.SESSIONS')
# Expired or malicious session. Make a new one.
# See http://www.cherrypy.org/ticket/709.
self.id = None
self.missing = True
self._regenerate()
def now(self):
"""Generate the session specific concept of 'now'.
Other session providers can override this to use alternative,
possibly timezone aware, versions of 'now'.
"""
return datetime.datetime.now()
def regenerate(self):
"""Replace the current session (with a new id)."""
self.regenerated = True
self._regenerate()
def _regenerate(self):
if self.id is not None:
self.delete()
old_session_was_locked = self.locked
if old_session_was_locked:
self.release_lock()
self.id = None
while self.id is None:
self.id = self.generate_id()
# Assert that the generated id is not already stored.
if self._exists():
self.id = None
if old_session_was_locked:
self.acquire_lock()
def clean_up(self):
"""Clean up expired sessions."""
pass
def generate_id(self):
"""Return a new session id."""
return random20()
def save(self):
"""Save session data."""
try:
# If session data has never been loaded then it's never been
# accessed: no need to save it
if self.loaded:
t = datetime.timedelta(seconds = self.timeout * 60)
expiration_time = self.now() + t
if self.debug:
cherrypy.log('Saving with expiry %s' % expiration_time,
'TOOLS.SESSIONS')
self._save(expiration_time)
finally:
if self.locked:
# Always release the lock if the user didn't release it
self.release_lock()
def load(self):
"""Copy stored session data into this session instance."""
data = self._load()
# data is either None or a tuple (session_data, expiration_time)
if data is None or data[1] < self.now():
if self.debug:
cherrypy.log('Expired session, flushing data', 'TOOLS.SESSIONS')
self._data = {}
else:
self._data = data[0]
self.loaded = True
# Stick the clean_thread in the class, not the instance.
# The instances are created and destroyed per-request.
cls = self.__class__
if self.clean_freq and not cls.clean_thread:
# clean_up is in instancemethod and not a classmethod,
# so that tool config can be accessed inside the method.
t = cherrypy.process.plugins.Monitor(
cherrypy.engine, self.clean_up, self.clean_freq * 60,
name='Session cleanup')
t.subscribe()
cls.clean_thread = t
t.start()
def delete(self):
"""Delete stored session data."""
self._delete()
def __getitem__(self, key):
if not self.loaded: self.load()
return self._data[key]
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
if not self.loaded: self.load()
self._data[key] = value
def __delitem__(self, key):
if not self.loaded: self.load()
del self._data[key]
def pop(self, key, default=missing):
"""Remove the specified key and return the corresponding value.
If key is not found, default is returned if given,
otherwise KeyError is raised.
"""
if not self.loaded: self.load()
if default is missing:
return self._data.pop(key)
else:
return self._data.pop(key, default)
def __contains__(self, key):
if not self.loaded: self.load()
return key in self._data
if hasattr({}, 'has_key'):
def has_key(self, key):
"""D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False."""
if not self.loaded: self.load()
return key in self._data
def get(self, key, default=None):
"""D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None."""
if not self.loaded: self.load()
return self._data.get(key, default)
def update(self, d):
"""D.update(E) -> None. Update D from E: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]."""
if not self.loaded: self.load()
self._data.update(d)
def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
"""D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D."""
if not self.loaded: self.load()
return self._data.setdefault(key, default)
def clear(self):
"""D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D."""
if not self.loaded: self.load()
self._data.clear()
def keys(self):
"""D.keys() -> list of D's keys."""
if not self.loaded: self.load()
return self._data.keys()
def items(self):
"""D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples."""
if not self.loaded: self.load()
return self._data.items()
def values(self):
"""D.values() -> list of D's values."""
if not self.loaded: self.load()
return self._data.values()
class RamSession(Session):
# Class-level objects. Don't rebind these!
cache = {}
locks = {}
def clean_up(self):
"""Clean up expired sessions."""
now = self.now()
for id, (data, expiration_time) in copyitems(self.cache):
if expiration_time <= now:
try:
del self.cache[id]
except KeyError:
pass
try:
del self.locks[id]
except KeyError:
pass
# added to remove obsolete lock objects
for id in list(self.locks):
if id not in self.cache:
self.locks.pop(id, None)
def _exists(self):
return self.id in self.cache
def _load(self):
return self.cache.get(self.id)
def _save(self, expiration_time):
self.cache[self.id] = (self._data, expiration_time)
def _delete(self):
self.cache.pop(self.id, None)
def acquire_lock(self):
"""Acquire an exclusive lock on the currently-loaded session data."""
self.locked = True
self.locks.setdefault(self.id, threading.RLock()).acquire()
def release_lock(self):
"""Release the lock on the currently-loaded session data."""
self.locks[self.id].release()
self.locked = False
def __len__(self):
"""Return the number of active sessions."""
return len(self.cache)
class FileSession(Session):
"""Implementation of the File backend for sessions
storage_path
The folder where session data will be saved. Each session
will be saved as pickle.dump(data, expiration_time) in its own file;
the filename will be self.SESSION_PREFIX + self.id.
"""
SESSION_PREFIX = 'session-'
LOCK_SUFFIX = '.lock'
pickle_protocol = pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL
def __init__(self, id=None, **kwargs):
# The 'storage_path' arg is required for file-based sessions.
kwargs['storage_path'] = os.path.abspath(kwargs['storage_path'])
Session.__init__(self, id=id, **kwargs)
def setup(cls, **kwargs):
"""Set up the storage system for file-based sessions.
This should only be called once per process; this will be done
automatically when using sessions.init (as the built-in Tool does).
"""
# The 'storage_path' arg is required for file-based sessions.
kwargs['storage_path'] = os.path.abspath(kwargs['storage_path'])
for k, v in kwargs.items():
setattr(cls, k, v)
# Warn if any lock files exist at startup.
lockfiles = [fname for fname in os.listdir(cls.storage_path)
if (fname.startswith(cls.SESSION_PREFIX)
and fname.endswith(cls.LOCK_SUFFIX))]
if lockfiles:
plural = ('', 's')[len(lockfiles) > 1]
warn("%s session lockfile%s found at startup. If you are "
"only running one process, then you may need to "
"manually delete the lockfiles found at %r."
% (len(lockfiles), plural, cls.storage_path))
setup = classmethod(setup)
def _get_file_path(self):
f = os.path.join(self.storage_path, self.SESSION_PREFIX + self.id)
if not os.path.abspath(f).startswith(self.storage_path):
raise cherrypy.HTTPError(400, "Invalid session id in cookie.")
return f
def _exists(self):
path = self._get_file_path()
return os.path.exists(path)
def _load(self, path=None):
if path is None:
path = self._get_file_path()
try:
f = open(path, "rb")
try:
return pickle.load(f)
finally:
f.close()
except (IOError, EOFError):
return None
def _save(self, expiration_time):
f = open(self._get_file_path(), "wb")
try:
pickle.dump((self._data, expiration_time), f, self.pickle_protocol)
finally:
f.close()
def _delete(self):
try:
os.unlink(self._get_file_path())
except OSError:
pass
def acquire_lock(self, path=None):
"""Acquire an exclusive lock on the currently-loaded session data."""
if path is None:
path = self._get_file_path()
path += self.LOCK_SUFFIX
while True:
try:
lockfd = os.open(path, os.O_CREAT|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_EXCL)
except OSError:
time.sleep(0.1)
else:
os.close(lockfd)
break
self.locked = True
def release_lock(self, path=None):
"""Release the lock on the currently-loaded session data."""
if path is None:
path = self._get_file_path()
os.unlink(path + self.LOCK_SUFFIX)
self.locked = False
def clean_up(self):
"""Clean up expired sessions."""
now = self.now()
# Iterate over all session files in self.storage_path
for fname in os.listdir(self.storage_path):
if (fname.startswith(self.SESSION_PREFIX)
and not fname.endswith(self.LOCK_SUFFIX)):
# We have a session file: lock and load it and check
# if it's expired. If it fails, nevermind.
path = os.path.join(self.storage_path, fname)
self.acquire_lock(path)
try:
contents = self._load(path)
# _load returns None on IOError
if contents is not None:
data, expiration_time = contents
if expiration_time < now:
# Session expired: deleting it
os.unlink(path)
finally:
self.release_lock(path)
def __len__(self):
"""Return the number of active sessions."""
return len([fname for fname in os.listdir(self.storage_path)
if (fname.startswith(self.SESSION_PREFIX)
and not fname.endswith(self.LOCK_SUFFIX))])
class PostgresqlSession(Session):
""" Implementation of the PostgreSQL backend for sessions. It assumes
a table like this::
create table session (
id varchar(40),
data text,
expiration_time timestamp
)
You must provide your own get_db function.
"""
pickle_protocol = pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL
def __init__(self, id=None, **kwargs):
Session.__init__(self, id, **kwargs)
self.cursor = self.db.cursor()
def setup(cls, **kwargs):
"""Set up the storage system for Postgres-based sessions.
This should only be called once per process; this will be done
automatically when using sessions.init (as the built-in Tool does).
"""
for k, v in kwargs.items():
setattr(cls, k, v)
self.db = self.get_db()
setup = classmethod(setup)
def __del__(self):
if self.cursor:
self.cursor.close()
self.db.commit()
def _exists(self):
# Select session data from table
self.cursor.execute('select data, expiration_time from session '
'where id=%s', (self.id,))
rows = self.cursor.fetchall()
return bool(rows)
def _load(self):
# Select session data from table
self.cursor.execute('select data, expiration_time from session '
'where id=%s', (self.id,))
rows = self.cursor.fetchall()
if not rows:
return None
pickled_data, expiration_time = rows[0]
data = pickle.loads(pickled_data)
return data, expiration_time
def _save(self, expiration_time):
pickled_data = pickle.dumps(self._data, self.pickle_protocol)
self.cursor.execute('update session set data = %s, '
'expiration_time = %s where id = %s',
(pickled_data, expiration_time, self.id))
def _delete(self):
self.cursor.execute('delete from session where id=%s', (self.id,))
def acquire_lock(self):
"""Acquire an exclusive lock on the currently-loaded session data."""
# We use the "for update" clause to lock the row
self.locked = True
self.cursor.execute('select id from session where id=%s for update',
(self.id,))
def release_lock(self):
"""Release the lock on the currently-loaded session data."""
# We just close the cursor and that will remove the lock
# introduced by the "for update" clause
self.cursor.close()
self.locked = False
def clean_up(self):
"""Clean up expired sessions."""
self.cursor.execute('delete from session where expiration_time < %s',
(self.now(),))
class MemcachedSession(Session):
# The most popular memcached client for Python isn't thread-safe.
# Wrap all .get and .set operations in a single lock.
mc_lock = threading.RLock()
# This is a seperate set of locks per session id.
locks = {}
servers = ['127.0.0.1:11211']
def setup(cls, **kwargs):
"""Set up the storage system for memcached-based sessions.
This should only be called once per process; this will be done
automatically when using sessions.init (as the built-in Tool does).
"""
for k, v in kwargs.items():
setattr(cls, k, v)
import memcache
cls.cache = memcache.Client(cls.servers)
setup = classmethod(setup)
def _get_id(self):
return self._id
def _set_id(self, value):
# This encode() call is where we differ from the superclass.
# Memcache keys MUST be byte strings, not unicode.
if isinstance(value, unicodestr):
value = value.encode('utf-8')
self._id = value
for o in self.id_observers:
o(value)
id = property(_get_id, _set_id, doc="The current session ID.")
def _exists(self):
self.mc_lock.acquire()
try:
return bool(self.cache.get(self.id))
finally:
self.mc_lock.release()
def _load(self):
self.mc_lock.acquire()
try:
return self.cache.get(self.id)
finally:
self.mc_lock.release()
def _save(self, expiration_time):
# Send the expiration time as "Unix time" (seconds since 1/1/1970)
td = int(time.mktime(expiration_time.timetuple()))
self.mc_lock.acquire()
try:
if not self.cache.set(self.id, (self._data, expiration_time), td):
raise AssertionError("Session data for id %r not set." % self.id)
finally:
self.mc_lock.release()
def _delete(self):
self.cache.delete(self.id)
def acquire_lock(self):
"""Acquire an exclusive lock on the currently-loaded session data."""
self.locked = True
self.locks.setdefault(self.id, threading.RLock()).acquire()
def release_lock(self):
"""Release the lock on the currently-loaded session data."""
self.locks[self.id].release()
self.locked = False
def __len__(self):
"""Return the number of active sessions."""
raise NotImplementedError
# Hook functions (for CherryPy tools)
def save():
"""Save any changed session data."""
if not hasattr(cherrypy.serving, "session"):
return
request = cherrypy.serving.request
response = cherrypy.serving.response
# Guard against running twice
if hasattr(request, "_sessionsaved"):
return
request._sessionsaved = True
if response.stream:
# If the body is being streamed, we have to save the data
# *after* the response has been written out
request.hooks.attach('on_end_request', cherrypy.session.save)
else:
# If the body is not being streamed, we save the data now
# (so we can release the lock).
if isinstance(response.body, types.GeneratorType):
response.collapse_body()
cherrypy.session.save()
save.failsafe = True
def close():
"""Close the session object for this request."""
sess = getattr(cherrypy.serving, "session", None)
if getattr(sess, "locked", False):
# If the session is still locked we release the lock
sess.release_lock()
close.failsafe = True
close.priority = 90
def init(storage_type='ram', path=None, path_header=None, name='session_id',
timeout=60, domain=None, secure=False, clean_freq=5,
persistent=True, httponly=False, debug=False, **kwargs):
"""Initialize session object (using cookies).
storage_type
One of 'ram', 'file', 'postgresql', 'memcached'. This will be
used to look up the corresponding class in cherrypy.lib.sessions
globals. For example, 'file' will use the FileSession class.
path
The 'path' value to stick in the response cookie metadata.
path_header
If 'path' is None (the default), then the response
cookie 'path' will be pulled from request.headers[path_header].
name
The name of the cookie.
timeout
The expiration timeout (in minutes) for the stored session data.
If 'persistent' is True (the default), this is also the timeout
for the cookie.
domain
The cookie domain.
secure
If False (the default) the cookie 'secure' value will not
be set. If True, the cookie 'secure' value will be set (to 1).
clean_freq (minutes)
The poll rate for expired session cleanup.
persistent
If True (the default), the 'timeout' argument will be used
to expire the cookie. If False, the cookie will not have an expiry,
and the cookie will be a "session cookie" which expires when the
browser is closed.
httponly
If False (the default) the cookie 'httponly' value will not be set.
If True, the cookie 'httponly' value will be set (to 1).
Any additional kwargs will be bound to the new Session instance,
and may be specific to the storage type. See the subclass of Session
you're using for more information.
"""
request = cherrypy.serving.request
# Guard against running twice
if hasattr(request, "_session_init_flag"):
return
request._session_init_flag = True
# Check if request came with a session ID
id = None
if name in request.cookie:
id = request.cookie[name].value
if debug:
cherrypy.log('ID obtained from request.cookie: %r' % id,
'TOOLS.SESSIONS')
# Find the storage class and call setup (first time only).
storage_class = storage_type.title() + 'Session'
storage_class = globals()[storage_class]
if not hasattr(cherrypy, "session"):
if hasattr(storage_class, "setup"):
storage_class.setup(**kwargs)
# Create and attach a new Session instance to cherrypy.serving.
# It will possess a reference to (and lock, and lazily load)
# the requested session data.
kwargs['timeout'] = timeout
kwargs['clean_freq'] = clean_freq
cherrypy.serving.session = sess = storage_class(id, **kwargs)
sess.debug = debug
def update_cookie(id):
"""Update the cookie every time the session id changes."""
cherrypy.serving.response.cookie[name] = id
sess.id_observers.append(update_cookie)
# Create cherrypy.session which will proxy to cherrypy.serving.session
if not hasattr(cherrypy, "session"):
cherrypy.session = cherrypy._ThreadLocalProxy('session')
if persistent:
cookie_timeout = timeout
else:
# See http://support.microsoft.com/kb/223799/EN-US/
# and http://support.mozilla.com/en-US/kb/Cookies
cookie_timeout = None
set_response_cookie(path=path, path_header=path_header, name=name,
timeout=cookie_timeout, domain=domain, secure=secure,
httponly=httponly)
def set_response_cookie(path=None, path_header=None, name='session_id',
timeout=60, domain=None, secure=False, httponly=False):
"""Set a response cookie for the client.
path
the 'path' value to stick in the response cookie metadata.
path_header
if 'path' is None (the default), then the response
cookie 'path' will be pulled from request.headers[path_header].
name
the name of the cookie.
timeout
the expiration timeout for the cookie. If 0 or other boolean
False, no 'expires' param will be set, and the cookie will be a
"session cookie" which expires when the browser is closed.
domain
the cookie domain.
secure
if False (the default) the cookie 'secure' value will not
be set. If True, the cookie 'secure' value will be set (to 1).
httponly
If False (the default) the cookie 'httponly' value will not be set.
If True, the cookie 'httponly' value will be set (to 1).
"""
# Set response cookie
cookie = cherrypy.serving.response.cookie
cookie[name] = cherrypy.serving.session.id
cookie[name]['path'] = (path or cherrypy.serving.request.headers.get(path_header)
or '/')
# We'd like to use the "max-age" param as indicated in
# http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2109.html but IE doesn't
# save it to disk and the session is lost if people close
# the browser. So we have to use the old "expires" ... sigh ...
## cookie[name]['max-age'] = timeout * 60
if timeout:
e = time.time() + (timeout * 60)
cookie[name]['expires'] = httputil.HTTPDate(e)
if domain is not None:
cookie[name]['domain'] = domain
if secure:
cookie[name]['secure'] = 1
if httponly:
if not cookie[name].isReservedKey('httponly'):
raise ValueError("The httponly cookie token is not supported.")
cookie[name]['httponly'] = 1
def expire():
"""Expire the current session cookie."""
name = cherrypy.serving.request.config.get('tools.sessions.name', 'session_id')
one_year = 60 * 60 * 24 * 365
e = time.time() - one_year
cherrypy.serving.response.cookie[name]['expires'] = httputil.HTTPDate(e)